| Leg crossing with muscle tensing |
Leg crossing with tensing of the leg, abdominal, and buttock muscles while lying down or, if necessary, while standing |
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| Squatting |
Lowering the body into a squatting position. Adjunctive lower-body and abdomen muscle tensing can be done during the squat and then on standing once symptoms have resolved. |
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| Upper-body PCMs
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| Arm tensing |
Gripping opposing hands with fingers and pulling with arms in opposing directions with maximum force. |
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| Isometric handgrip |
Clenching fist at maximum contraction with or without an item in the hand |
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| Neck flexion |
Touching the chin to the chest and tightening the neck musculature. |
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PCM indicates physical counterpressure maneuver.
Reproduced from Charlton et al.10 Copyright © 2019, American Heart Association, Inc
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